أربعة أشياء عليك ألا تقوم بها في يومك الأول في العمل
January 14, 2022
السر لتنشئة أطفال أذكياء – الجزء الثاني
January 21, 2022
السر لتنشئة أطفال أذكياء – الجزء الأول
تنويه: لا تخبر أطفالك بأنهم أذكياء. أظهرت أبحاث على مدى أكثر من ثلاثة عقود أن التركيز على “المثابرة”ـــ لا على الذكاء أو القدرة ـــ هو المفتاح الأساسي للنجاح في المدرسة والحياة
اجتاز الطالب المتفوق جوناثان المرحلة الابتدائية، أنهى خلالها وجباته بسهولة واستحق بذلك أعلى الدرجات. استغرب جوناثان كثيراً من صعوبة تقدم بعض زملائه في الدراسة، إلى أن أخبره والداه بأنه يمتلك موهبة خاصة. وفي الصف السابع فقد جوناثان اهتمامه بالمدرسة بشكل مفاجئ، رافضاً القيام بواجباته المدرسية أو الدراسة للاختبارات. ونتيجة لذلك، تراجعت درجاته. حاول والدا جوناثان أن يعززا الثقة بابنهما بطمأنته بأنه ذكي جداً، لكن محاولاتهما فشلت في تحفيز جوناثان (الذي يعد مثلاً مستمداً عن عدة أطفال)
يولي مجتمعنا اهتماماً كبيرة بالمواهب، ويفترض كثير من الأشخاص أن امتلاك الذكاء الحاد أو القدرة – مع الثقة بتلك القدرة – هي الوصفة السحرية للنجاح. بينما يقترح التحقيق العلمي على مدى أكثر من (35) عاماً بأن المبالغة في التأكيد على الذكاء والموهبة، يجعل الناس عرضة للفشل، خائفين من التحديات وغير راغبين في معالجة مواطن ضعفهم
ونتيجة لذلك حصلنا على أطفال مثل جوناثان، والذي هبطت درجاته في الصفوف الأولى. كان لدى هؤلاء الأطفال اعتقاد ضمني تام بأن الذكاء فطري وثابت، جاعلين من السعي للتعلم يبدو أقل أهمية من أن تكون (أو تبدو) ذكياً. هذا الاعتقاد يجعلهم يرون التحديات والأخطاء وحتى الحاجة إلى بذل جهد لمواجهة المخاطر التي تهدد ذواتهم بدلاً من أن يروها فرصاً لتحسين أنفسهم، وقد يكلفهم ذلك فقدان الثقة والحافز عندما لا يعود العمل سهلاً بالنسبة لهم
والإطراء على قدرات الطفل الفطرية، كما فعل والدا جوناثان يعزز طريقة التفكير لديه، والتي يمكنها أيضاً أن تمنع الرياضيين الشباب أو القوى العاملة و حتى المتزوجين من الارتقاء إلى إمكاناتهم. أظهرت دراستنا من ناحية أخرى بأن تعليم الأشخاص على امتلاك “طرق التفكير المتطورة” تحث على التركيز على “المثابرة ” (التي تتكون من جهد شخصي واستراتيجيات فعالة ) أكثر من التركيز على الذكاء والموهبة، وسيساعد هذا على جعلهم أشخاصاً ناجحين في المدرسة والحياة
السر لتنشئة اطفال اذكياء – موقع أحمد الطبل
استغلال الفشل
كطالب علم نفس متخرج من جامعة ييل في الستينات، بدأت بتحري الدوافع المساعدة للإنسان وكيف يستمر الأشخاص بعد تجاوزهم للعقبات. وأُجرى كل من علماء النفس مارتن سيليجمان، ستيفن ماير وريتشارد سليمان تجارب على الحيوان في جامعة بنسلفانيا، وقد أظهرت التجارب بعد محاولات فشل متكررة أن معظم الحيوانات تكتشف بأن الوضع ميئوس منه وخارج عن سيطرتها. وبعد عدة تجارب، وجد الباحثون أن الحيوان غالباً يبقى سلبياً وغير فعال حتى إن كان باستطاعته إحداث تغيير وأطلقوا على هذه الحالة اسم العجز المدروس. كذلك يمكن أن يكون الأشخاص محبطين أيضاً، ولكن لا يواجه جميع الأشخاص الإخفاق بنفس الطريقة. تساءلت يوماً: لماذا يستسلم بعض الطلاب عندما يواجهون المصاعب، في حين يستمر غيرهم رغم عدم امتلاكهم أي مهارات إضافية في الكفاح والتعلم؟؟ وسرعان ما اكتشفت أن الجواب الوحيد يكمن في معتقدات الناس حول السبب الذي أدى إلى فشلهم
خصوصاً، من ينسبون ضعف الأداء إلى الافتقار للقدرة فيضعف ذلك الدافع أكثر مما قد يفعله الاعتقاد بأن سببه الافتقار للجهد اللازم لكي لا يشعروا باللوم. في عام 1972، عندما كنت أدرس مجموعة من أطفال المدارس الابتدائية والمتوسطة، اكتشفت بأن العجز في سلوكهم المدرسي سببه الافتقار للجهد (وليس الافتقار للموهبة) مما أدى إلى ارتكابهم للأخطاء في مسائل الرياضيات. تعلم الأطفال الاستمرار في المحاولة عندما يواجهون المسائل الصعبة، وقاموا أيضاً بحل العديد من المسائل حتى وأن اضطروا لمواجهة المصاعب. المجموعة الأخرى من الأطفال المحبطين والذين كانوا قد كوفئوا ببساطة لنجاحهم في حل مسائل أسهل لم تتحسن قدراتهم في حل المسائل الرياضية الصعبة. كانت هذه التجارب إشارة مبكرة إلى أن التركيز على الجهد يمكن أن يساعد في تبديد اليأس وتوليد النجاح.
كشفت دراسات لاحقة بأن معظم الطلاب المثابرين لا يفكرون في فشلهم كثيراً ولكن بدلاً من ذلك يفكرون بالأخطاء على أنها مشكلات يتوجب حلها. في جامعه إلينوي في السبعينات، طلبنا أنا وطالب الدراسات العليا كارول دينر من (60) طالباً من طلاب الصف الخامس أن يفكروا بصوت عال أثناء قيامهم بحل مسائل صعبة من تمييز الأنماط. تصرف بعد الطلاب بشكل دفاعي اتجاه الأخطاء وذلك بتشويه مهاراتهم بتعليقات مثل “أنا لا أملك ذاكرة جيدة على الإطلاق”، وتراجعت استراتيجياتهم في حل مشكلات
في الوقت ذاته، ركز آخرون على إصلاح الأخطاء وشحذ مهاراتهم. نصح أحدهم نفسه قائلاً: “يتوجب علي التمهل ومحاولة إيجاد حل لها”. تلميذان من المدرسة كانا مميزين بشكل بارز. أحدهما وعلى أثر صعوبة مسألة، سحب كرسيه وأخذ بفرك يديه ببعضهما وضغط على شفتيه قائلاً: “أنا أعشق التحدي!”. بينما نظر الطالب الآخر أثناء مواجهته للمسائل الصعبة إلى المُختبِر وقال باستحسان: “كنت آمل بأن تكون غنية بالمعلومات المفيدة” وكما هو متوقع، طلاب مع موقف كهذا تفوقوا على زملائهم في هذه الدراسات
الخلاصة
الكثير من الأشخاص يفترضون أن الذكاء الحاد أو القدرة هي المفتاح الأساسي للنجاح. ولكن تظهر الأبحاث على مدى ثلاثة عقود أن المبالغة في التأكيد على الذكاء والموهبة ـــ وتضمين مثل هذه الصفات بأنها فطرية وثابتة ـــ تجعل الناس عرضة للفشل، خائفين من التحديات وغير متحمسين للتعلم.
ترجمة: ولاء الشامي
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